Minha prova está marcada para Segunda-feira (23/03/2009) às 9:00 da manhã.
Acredito estar preparado, faltando revisar alguns conceitos e fazer mais questões para trenar o nervosismo e a dinâmica da prova.
Aos que acompanham o blog, me desejem sorte e muito estudo.
Após a conclusão, quero detalhar no blog todos os pontos que passei pela prova, e detalhar ainda mais o meu método de estudo utilizado para a obtenção da Certificação.
Um forte abraço,
Maurício.Hello staff,
My test is scheduled for Monday (23/03/2009) at 9:00 in the morning.
I stand ready, missing concepts and to review some more questions for the nervousness and dynamic chain of evidence.
To the accompanying blog, wish me luck and much study.
After completion, I blog in detail all the points that had the evidence, and further detail my method of study used to obtain the certification.
Hoje, fiz um simulado para a Certificação e me fugiu a sequencia correta de inicialização e os locais default de onde são carregados cada um dos respectivos itens.
Segue abaixo a ordem de inicialização o que é carregado e de onde:
POST (Power-on self-test) – verifica o hardware.
Bootstrap (algo como a BIOS do roteador) – Carregado a partir da ROM.
IOS (OS do dispositivo) – Carregado a partir da FLASH. O dispositivo procura a IOS na seguinte seqüência: Flash, Tftp e ROM (mini-ios).
Config (Arquivo startup-config) – Carregado a partir da NVRAM, se não for encontrado procura num servidor TFTP. Se não for encontrado em nenhum dos dois, entra em modo setup.
Vale ressaltar que os locais de onde são carregados cada um dos itens anteriores podem ser alterados. Normalmente, o Bootstrap e o IOS serão carregados a partir de seus lugares padrão, sendo o local das configurações algumas vezes modificado.
Sucesso a Todos Nós!
Maurício.
Referências:
– Odom, W. – “Guia de Certificação do Exame Cisco CCNA 3a Edição”, Alta Books/2003.Hello staff,
Today, I made a dummy for the Certification and I fled the correct boot sequence and default locations of where they are loaded each of their items.
Here is the order of the boot that is loaded and where:
POST (Power-on self-test) – check the hardware.
Bootstrap (something like the BIOS of the router) – Loaded from ROM.
IOS (OS of the device) – Born from the FLASH. The device seeks to IOS in the following sequence: Flash, tftp and ROM (mini-ios).
Config (file startup-config) – Born from the NVRAM, if not found in a search TFTP server. If not found in either, enter into setup mode.
Please note that the locations of where they are loaded each of the above can be changed. Typically, the Bootstrap and the IOS will be loaded from their seats standard, and the place settings sometimes modified.
Success to us all!
Maurício.
References:
– Odom, W. – “Guide for Certification of Cisco CCNA Exam 3rd Edition”, High Books/2003.
O pessoal do forum blog.ccna.com.br/forum postou um link que contêm diversos resumos de ótima qualidade, chamados de cheatsheets, escrito pelo pessoal do site Packet Life que inclui diversos tópicos que são escopo da CCNA. Abaixo, estão apresentados os links diretos para cada uma dessas cheatsheets.
The staff of the forum blog.ccna.com.br / forum posted a link containing several summaries of excellent quality, calledcheatsheets, written by the staff of the site Life Packet which includes several topics that are scope of CCNA. Below, shows the direct links for each of these cheatsheets.
O STP (Spanning-Tree Protocol) roda em bridges e switches trocando informações através das BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units). Estas BPDUs contêm mensagens de configuração e incluem o ID de cada bridge e são enviadas via frame multicast.
Para operação do STP é eleito uma Root Bridge (switch-raiz). Este switch-raiz torna-se o foco da rede, sendo que as escolhas de porta-raiz, porta-designada e não-designada e todas atualizações da rede são vistas pela perspectiva do switch-raiz. Para elegê-lo os seguintes parâmetros são utilizados:
1. Menor priority value (default é 32768);
2. Menor MAC Address (0000.aaaa.bbbb.cccc.dddd.eeee é menor que 0000.aaab.bbbb.cccc.dddd.eeee).
As portas podem ter os seguintes papeis:
Papel
Descrição
Root port
porta de um switch que possui menor custo ao root bridge. Sempre estão no estado forwarding).
Designated port
porta de um switch que mantêm conectividade. Quando há redundância de conexões, a porta com maior largura de banda é a escolhida. Se as larguras de banda forem iguais, a porta com menor número será a escolhida(ex. e1 escolhida ao invés de e8).
Non-designated port
porta que está em estado blocking. Quando uma porta designada perde a conectividade esta porta assume, até que receba atualização para voltar ao estado blocking
A figura abaixo apresenta uma topologia contendo os termos abordados acima:
Foram visto os papéis que as portas possuem. Agora, serão vistos os estados em que elas podem se encontrar. Tipicamente, switches estão no estado blocking ou forwarding. Abaixo, é apresentado cada um dos estados, na seqüência em que eles ocorrem.
Estado
Descrição
Blocking
Não encaminha frames. Recebe e analisa BPDUs. Ao ligar um switch, ele encontra-se no estado blocking.
Listening
Não encaminha frames, mas recebe e analisa BPDUs para se certificar que não ocorrerão loops na rede.
Learning
Não encaminha frames, recebe e analisa BPDUs e registra os endereços MAC dos dispositivos diretamente conectados.
Forwarding
Envia e recebe frames e tudo mais. Uma porta neste estado é tida como tendo o menor custo ao switch-raiz.
Abaixo, é apresentado os timers das BPDUs:
Abaixo, é apresentado uma animação Flash muito didática que apresenta todo o processo de aprendizagem do Spanning-Tree. A MUST.
Abaixo, seguem os links de referência que foram utilizados para a produção do resumo.
Um interessante, que aprofunda o assunto é a terceira referência. Pode ser encontrada traduzida (pelo google) aqui.
Um abração,
Maurício.
Referências:
– Filippeti, M. – “CCNA 4.1 – Guia Completo de Estudo”, Visual Books/2008.
– Cisco NetAcademy, Academy Connection. “Material oficial Cisco de Estudo”. <http://cisco.netacad.net>. Acesso em: 03/03/2008.
The STP (spanning-Tree Protocol) runs on bridges and switches exchange information through the BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units). These BPDUs contain configuration messages and include the ID of each bridge and are sent via broadcast frames.
For operation of an STP Root Bridge is elected (the root switch). This switch-root becomes the focus of the network, and the choices of the root port, port-designated and non-designated network and all updates are seen by the prospect of the root switch. To elect him the following parameters are used:
1st Lower priority value (default is 32768);
2nd Minor MAC Address (0000.aaaa.bbbb.cccc.dddd.eeee is less than 0000.aaa b. Bbbb.cccc.dddd.eeee).
The doors may have the following roles:
Role
Description
Root port
port on a switch that has lower cost to root bridge. Where are the forwarding state).
Designated port
port on a switch to maintain connectivity. When there are redundant connections, the port with higher bandwidth is chosen. If the band widths are the same, the port with the lowest number will be chosen (eg e1 chosen instead of E8).
Non-designated port
port that is in blocking state. When a designated port loses connectivity to this port is, until it receives back to update the state blocking
The figure below shows a topology with the terms discussed above:
Roles of the ports spanning-Tree.
Have seen the papers that have doors. Now, will see the states where they can find. Typically, the switches are blocking orforwarding state. Below is presented each of the states in the sequence in which they occur.
State
Description
Blocking
Do not forward frames. Receives and analyzes BPDUs. By connecting a switch, it is in blocking state.
Listening
Do not forward frames, but receives and analyzes BPDUs to make sure that no loops occur on the network.
Learning
Do not forward frames, and receives BPDUs analyzes and records the MAC addresses of devices connected directly.
Forwarding
Sends and receives frames and everything. A port in this state is regarded as having the lowest cost to the root switch.
Below is presented the timers of BPDUs:
Timers for each type of BPDU STP (spanning-Tree Protocol).
Below is a flash animation that presents very intuitive the process of learning the spanning-Tree. A MUST.
Below, follow the links to reference that were used to produce the summary.
An interesting, which deepens the matter is the third reference. Can be found translated (by Google) here.
A Abrasive,
Maurício.
References:
– Filippeti, M. – “CCNA 4.1 – Complete Study Guide, Visual Books/2008.
– Cisco NetAcademy, Academy Connection. “Cisco Study Material official.” <http://cisco.netacad.net>. Acesso em: 03/03/2008.
Encontrei este laboratório na Internet, dedicado ao aprendizado de como funciona a convergência do protocolo STP (Spanning-Tree Protocol).
Com ele é possível ver quem é o Root Bridge, as Root, Designed e Non-designed ports e acompanhar a convergência da rede conforme se apagam links e Switchs da topologia.
I found this laboratory on the Internet, dedicated to learning how the convergence of the protocol STP (spanning-Tree Protocol).
With it you can see who is the Root Bridge, the Root, Designed and Non-designed ports and monitor the convergence of the network as links off the topology and Switchs.
Apresenta a tabela de roteamento. Mostra a rede na qual foi aprendido (dinâmica ou estaticamente), [distância administrativa/métrica] e o IP e a interface na qual foi aprendida esta rota
Apresenta informações dos protocolos de roteamento em execução (resumo e status). São dadas informações como: detalhes específicos de cada protocolo (ex. Router ID para OSPF), redes que está anunciando e vizinhos (fontes) de roteamento.
Apresenta as configurações estipuladas para o protocolo OSPF. Apresenta informações como: Router ID (o maior ID (IP) ou o ID definido na interface Loopback, se existir) e temporizadores.
Apresenta, agora, os Link IDs, ou seja, o ID que cada link (interface) possui, o tempo no qual foi aprendido (age) e o Link ID (ID da interface do roteador) que está anunciando a rota.
Apresenta todas informações OSPF relativo a cada interface. Informações como: endereço IP, área OSPF, Router ID, tipo de rede (ppp,point-to-multipoint), informações sobre DR/BDR(para links ppp o OSPF não elege DRs), timers e informações sobre vizinhos (adjacências).
Apresenta um resumo e status da adjacência com os vizinhos. Este comando apresenta informações como: ID do router vizinho, estado (DR,BDR..), dead time (tempo até a rota se extinguir, ou receber um novo hello), endereço IP do vizinho e interface local do Router no qual se encontra este vizinho.
Apresenta todas as ACLs IP criadas e a quantidade de matches (quantas vezes ela foi aplicada).
Comandos:
R_NH#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 3 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0.101
O 172.16.2.0 [110/3570] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O 172.16.3.0 [110/3570] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/3571] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/3571] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
R_Matriz#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 20"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 201.0.0.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.1.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.2.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.3.2 110 00:16:43
Distance: (default is 110)
R_Matriz#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 20" with ID 201.0.0.2
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 1. Checksum Sum 0x00f80e
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 3
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 2 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x021d3a
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
R_Matriz#show ip ospf data
OSPF Router with ID (201.0.0.2) (Process ID 20)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
192.168.20.1 192.168.20.1 379 0x80000003 0x00d1a1 3
201.0.0.2 201.0.0.2 379 0x80000007 0x000857 6
192.168.40.1 192.168.40.1 379 0x80000003 0x0091a1 3
192.168.30.1 192.168.30.1 379 0x80000003 0x00b1a1 3
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
0.0.0.0 201.0.0.2 389 0x80000001 0x00f80e 1
R_NH#show ip ospf interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.20.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 192.168.20.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.20.1, Interface address 192.168.20.1
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:01
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Serial0/0.101 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.16.1.2/30, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 192.168.20.1, Network Type POINT-TO-POINT, Cost: 1785
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT-TO-POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:01
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1 , Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 172.16.1.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R_Matriz#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.20.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.1.2 Serial0/0.100
192.168.30.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.2.2 Serial0/0.200
192.168.40.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.3.2 Serial0/0.300
R_Matriz#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
icmp 201.0.0.2:3 192.168.40.3:3 200.213.1.2:3 200.213.1.2:3
tcp 201.0.0.2:1025 192.168.20.3:1025 200.213.1.1:23 200.213.1.1:23
Displays the routing table. Shows the network in what was learned (dynamic or static) [administrative distance / metric] and IP and the interface on which this route was learned
Displays information from routing protocols running (summary and status). Information is given as specific details of each protocol (eg Router ID for OSPF), and advertising networks that are neighbors (source) routing.
Displays the settings set to the OSPF protocol. Displays information such as: Router ID (the highest ID (IP) or the ID defined in the Loopback interface, if any) and timers.
Displays now link the IDs, or the ID for each link (interface) has the time in which it was learned (age) and the link ID (ID of the interface of the router) that is advertising the route.
Displays all information on each OSPF interface. Information such as IP address, OSPF area, Router ID, type of network (ppp, point-to-multipoint), information on DR / BDR (ppp links to the OSPF not elect DRs), timers and information about neighbors (vicinity).
Presents a summary and status of the adjacency with its neighbors.This command displays information such as neighbor router ID, state (DR, BDR ..), dead time (time until the route goes out, or receives a newhello), IP address of the neighbor and the local router interface which is this neighbor.
Displays IP ACLs all created and the number of matches (how many times it was applied).
Commands:
R_NH#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 3 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0.101
O 172.16.2.0 [110/3570] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O 172.16.3.0 [110/3570] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/3571] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/3571] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 172.16.1.1, 00:01:05, Serial0/0.101
R_Matriz#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 20?
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 201.0.0.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.1.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.2.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.3.2 110 00:16:43
Distance: (default is 110) 00:16:43 R_Matriz#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 20?
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 201.0.0.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.1.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.2.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.3.2 110 00:16:43
Distance: (default is 110) 00:16:43 R_Matriz#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 20?
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 201.0.0.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.1.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.2.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.3.2 110 00:16:43
Distance: (default is 110) 00:16:43 R_Matriz#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 20?
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 201.0.0.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.1.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.2.2 110 00:16:43
172.16.3.2 110 00:16:43
Distance: (default is 110)
R_Matriz#show ip ospf
Routing Process “ospf 20? with ID 201.0.0.2
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 1. Checksum Sum 0×00f80e
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0×000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 3
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 2 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0×021d3a
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0×000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
R_Matriz#show ip ospf data
OSPF Router with ID (201.0.0.2) (Process ID 20)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
192.168.20.1 192.168.20.1 379 0x80000003 0x00d1a1 3
201.0.0.2 201.0.0.2 379 0x80000007 0x000857 6
192.168.40.1 192.168.40.1 379 0x80000003 0x0091a1 3
192.168.30.1 192.168.30.1 379 0x80000003 0x00b1a1 3
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
0.0.0.0 201.0.0.2 389 0x80000001 0x00f80e 1
R_NH#show ip ospf interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.20.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 192.168.20.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.20.1, Interface address 192.168.20.1
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:01
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0×0(0)/0×0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Serial0/0.101 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.16.1.2/30, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 192.168.20.1, Network Type POINT-TO-POINT, Cost: 1785
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT-TO-POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:01
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0×0(0)/0×0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1 , Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 172.16.1.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R_Matriz#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.20.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.1.2 Serial0/0.100
192.168.30.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.2.2 Serial0/0.200
192.168.40.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:37 172.16.3.2 Serial0/0.300
R_Matriz#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
icmp 201.0.0.2:3 192.168.40.3:3 200.213.1.2:3 200.213.1.2:3
tcp 201.0.0.2:1025 192.168.20.3:1025 200.213.1.1:23 200.213.1.1:23
Cisco Press – CCNA Video Mentor (Exam 640-802), Second Edition
Narrado por: Wendell Odom
Estes vídeos, pelo que entendi, foram compactados com o Quicktime para reduzir o tamanho, por isso é necessário rodá-los com o próprio. No HD, está disponível uma versão light do Quicktime, na mesma pasta. Encontram-se na pasta Video Mentor no HD do Blog (link abaixo). Link para HD do Blog
Detalhe que como os vídeos são narrados em inglês é necessário um bom entendimento na língua, ou quem encontrar legendas pode fazer o upload para a pasta pública.
Abração,
Maurício.
Hello Guys,
HD was added to the Blog, the course of video:
Cisco Press – CCNA Video Mentor (Exam 640-802), Second Edition
Narrated by: Wendell Odom
These videos, which I understand have been compressed withQuicktime to reduce the size, so it is necessary to turn them with your own. In HD, is available a light version of Quicktime, in the same folder. They are in the folder on the HD Video Mentor Blog (link below).Link to HD Blog
That detail how the videos are narrated in English requires a good understanding in the language, or who find subtitles can upload to public folder.
Com base no laboratório de Frame-Relay publicado anteriormente neste Post e após todo o estudo da topologia rodei os comandos abaixo, coloquei suas saídas e fiz uma tabela com uma descrição completa do que cada comando apresenta. Há um link no comando que leva diretamente para seu output.
Espero que seja de bom uso esta tabela, pois eu a utilizarei.
Apresenta a tabela de roteamento. Mostra a rede na qual foi aprendido (dinâmica ou estaticamente), [distância administrativa/métrica] e o IP e a interface na qual foi aprendida esta rota
Apresenta os vizinhos rodando EIGRP e dados como: IP do vizinho, interface, Holdtime, Uptime, SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Time), RTO (Retransmission Time Out), Q Cnt (Queue), Seq Num.
Apresenta o mapeamento IP -> DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), normalmente criado através do comando frame map, ou através da tradução dinâmica pelo Inverse ARP.
Apresenta estatísticas em cada circuito frame-relay e outros dados tais como: interfaces e respectivos DLCI, tráfego, bits DE (Discard Eligibility), FECN (Forward-Explicit Congestion Notification), BECN (Backward-Explicit Congestion Notification).
Apresenta informações referente aos vizinhos tais como: Device ID (Hostname), Local Intrf (Interface que este router está recebendo os pacotes cdp), HoldTime, Capability (Router / Switch…), Plataform (Modelo), Port ID (Porta remota).
Mesmo comando que o anterior, mudando que pode-se selecionar apenas um dispositivo pelo seu ID.
OUTPUTS:
R_Caxias#show interfaces FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Lance, address is 0001.4211.2e01 (bia 0001.4211.2e01) Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00, Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue :0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 124 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 0 input packets with dribble condition detected 789 packets output, 56808 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets 0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
R_Caxias#show ip interface FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by setup command MTU is 1500 bytes Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is disabled Outgoing access list is not set Inbound access list is not set Proxy ARP is enabled Security level is default Split horizon is enabled ICMP redirects are always sent ICMP unreachables are always sent ICMP mask replies are never sent IP fast switching is disabled IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled IP Flow switching is disabled IP Fast switching turbo vector IP multicast fast switching is disabled IP multicast distributed fast switching is disabled Router Discovery is disabled IP output packet accounting is disabled IP access violation accounting is disabled TCP/IP header compression is disabled RTP/IP header compression is disabled Probe proxy name replies are disabled Policy routing is disabled Network address translation is disabled WCCP Redirect outbound is disabled WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled BGP Policy Mapping is disabled
R_Caxias#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernet0/0 192.168.30.1 YES manual up up FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down Serial0/0 unassigned YES manual up up Serial0/0.201 172.16.2.2 YES manual up up Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
R_Caxias#show protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24 FastEthernet0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Serial0/0.201 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 172.16.2.2/30 Serial0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
R_Caxias#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "eigrp 10 " Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 EIGRP maximum hopcount 100 EIGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: eigrp 10 Automatic network summarization is not in effect Maximum path: 4 Routing for Networks: 192.168.30.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 172.16.2.1 90 10 Distance: internal 90 external 170
R_Caxias#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is 172.16.2.1 to network 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 3 subnets D 172.16.1.0 [90/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201 C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0.201 D 172.16.3.0 [90/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201 D 192.168.20.0/24 [90/46740736] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201 C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 D 192.168.40.0/24 [90/46740736] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201 D*EX 0.0.0.0/0 [170/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp interfaces IP-EIGRP interfaces for process 10 Xmit Queue Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending Interface Peers Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes Fa0/0 0 0/0 1236 0/10 0 0 Ser 1 0/0 1236 0/10 0 0 R_Caxias#show ip eigrp interfaces ? <1-65535> AS Number
R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10 H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq (sec) (ms) Cnt Num 0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp topology IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS 10 Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - Reply status P 192.168.30.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 28160 via Connected, FastEthernet0/0 P 172.16.2.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46226176 via Connected, Serial0/0.201 P 172.16.1.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46738176 via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/46226176), Serial0/0.201 P 172.16.3.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46738176 via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/46226176), Serial0/0.201 P 0.0.0.0/0, 1 successors, FD is 46738176 via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/2169856), Serial0/0.201 P 192.168.20.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 46740736 via 172.16.2.1 (46740736/46228736), Serial0/0.201 P 192.168.40.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 46740736 via 172.16.2.1 (46740736/46228736), Serial0/0.201
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp traffic IP-EIGRP Traffic Statistics for process 10 Hellos sent/received: 882/873 Updates sent/received: 6/4 Queries sent/received: 0/0 Replies sent/received: 0/0 Acks sent/received: 1/4 Input queue high water mark 1, 0 drops SIA-Queries sent/received: 0/0 SIA-Replies sent/received: 0/0
R_Caxias#show frame-relay lmi LMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0 Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0 Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0 Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0 Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0 Num Status Enq. Sent 549 Num Status msgs Rcvd 549 Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 16 LMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0.201 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0 Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0 Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0 Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0 Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0 Num Status Enq. Sent 0 Num Status msgs Rcvd 0 Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 16
R_Matriz#show frame-relay map Serial0/0.100 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 100, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0/0.200 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 200, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0/0.300 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 300, broadcast, status defined, active
R_Matriz#show frame-relay pvc PVC Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0/0.100 input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228 out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155 DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0/0.200 input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228 out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155 DLCI = 300, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0/0.300 input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228 out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155 R_Matriz#show frame-relay pvc ? <16-1022> DLCI interface show frame relay information on one interface
R_Matriz#show cdp Global CDP information: Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled R_Matriz#show cdp ? entry Information for specific neighbor entry interface CDP interface status and configuration neighbors CDP neighbor entries
R_Matriz#show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID R_Embratel Ser 0/1 180 R C2600 Ser 0/0
R_Matriz#show cdp neighbors detail || show cdp entry * Device ID: R_Embratel Entry address(es): IP address : 201.0.0.1 Platform: cisco C2600, Capabilities: Router Interface: Serial0/1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0/0 Holdtime: 180 Version : Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(28), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc5) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 27-Apr-04 19:01 by miwang advertisement version: 2 Duplex: full
Referências:
– Filippeti, M. – “CCNA 4.1 – Guia Completo de Estudo”, Visual Books/2008.
– Cisco NetAcademy, Academy Connection. “Material oficial Cisco de Estudo”. <http://cisco.netacad.net>. Acesso em: 27/02/2008.Hello Guys,
Based on the laboratory of Frame-Relay published earlier in this post and after all the study of topology tergiversation the commands below, put their exits and made a table with a full description of what each line offers. There is a link that leads directly in charge for their output.
I hope that is good use of this table, because I use.
Displays the routing table. Shows the network in what was learned (dynamic or static) [administrative distance / metric] and IP and the interface on which this route was learned
Displays the IP mapping -> DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), usually created by using the frame map, or through dynamic translation by Inverse ARP.
Displays statistics for each frame-relay circuit and other data such as interfaces and DLCI, traffic, DE bit (Discard Eligibility), FECN (Forward-Explicit Congestion Notification), BECN (Backward-Explicit Congestion Notification).
Presents information regarding neighbors such as: Device ID (Hostname), Local Intrf (Interface that the router is receiving packets CDP), HoldTime, Capability (Router / Switch …), platform (Model), Port ID (remote port).
Same command as before, changing that you can select only one device by its ID.
OUTPUTS:
R_Caxias#show interfaces
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Lance, address is 0001.4211.2e01 (bia 0001.4211.2e01)
Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00,
Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue :0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 124 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
789 packets output, 56808 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
R_Caxias#show ip interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24
Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
Address determined by setup command
MTU is 1500 bytes
Helper address is not set
Directed broadcast forwarding is disabled
Outgoing access list is not set
Inbound access list is not set
Proxy ARP is enabled
Security level is default
Split horizon is enabled
ICMP redirects are always sent
ICMP unreachables are always sent
ICMP mask replies are never sent
IP fast switching is disabled
IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled
IP Flow switching is disabled
IP Fast switching turbo vector
IP multicast fast switching is disabled
IP multicast distributed fast switching is disabled
Router Discovery is disabled
IP output packet accounting is disabled
IP access violation accounting is disabled
TCP/IP header compression is disabled
RTP/IP header compression is disabled
Probe proxy name replies are disabled
Policy routing is disabled
Network address translation is disabled
WCCP Redirect outbound is disabled
WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled
BGP Policy Mapping is disabled 255255255255 R_Caxias#show ip interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24
Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
Address determined by setup command
MTU is 1500 bytes
Helper address is not set
Directed broadcast forwarding is disabled
Outgoing access list is not set
Inbound access list is not set
Proxy ARP is enabled
Security level is default
Split horizon is enabled
ICMP redirects are always sent
ICMP unreachables are always sent
ICMP mask replies are never sent
IP fast switching is disabled
IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled
IP Flow switching is disabled
IP Fast switching turbo vector
IP multicast fast switching is disabled
IP multicast distributed fast switching is disabled
Router Discovery is disabled
IP output packet accounting is disabled
IP access violation accounting is disabled
TCP/IP header compression is disabled
RTP/IP header compression is disabled
Probe proxy name replies are disabled
Policy routing is disabled
Network address translation is disabled
WCCP Redirect outbound is disabled
WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled
BGP Policy Mapping is disabled
R_Caxias#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.30.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
Serial0/0 unassigned YES manual up up
Serial0/0.201 172.16.2.2 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down 192.168.30.1 R_Caxias#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.30.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
Serial0/0 unassigned YES manual up up
Serial0/0.201 172.16.2.2 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
R_Caxias#show protocols
Global values:
Internet Protocol routing is enabled
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.30.1/24
FastEthernet0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Serial0/0.201 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.16.2.2/30
Serial0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
R_Caxias#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "eigrp 10 "
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
EIGRP maximum hopcount 100
EIGRP maximum metric variance 1
Redistributing: eigrp 10
Automatic network summarization is not in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
192.168.30.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.16.2.1 90 10
Distance: internal 90 external 170
R_Caxias#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.2.1 to network 0.0.0.0
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 172.16.1.0 [90/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0.201
D 172.16.3.0 [90/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
D 192.168.20.0/24 [90/46740736] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
D 192.168.40.0/24 [90/46740736] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
D*EX 0.0.0.0/0 [170/46738176] via 172.16.2.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0.201
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp interfaces
IP-EIGRP interfaces for process 10
Xmit Queue Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Fa0/0 0 0/0 1236 0/10 0 0
Ser 1 0/0 1236 0/10 0 0 R_Caxias#show ip eigrp interfaces ?
<1-65535> AS Number
R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 172.16.3.2 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 01:01:00 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 172.16.1.2 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 01:01:00 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 172.16.2.2 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11 01:01:00 R_Matriz#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 172.16.3.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
1 172.16.1.2 Ser 11 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
2 172.16.2.2 Ser 14 01:01:00 40 1000 0 11
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp topology
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS 10
Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
r - Reply status
P 192.168.30.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 28160
via Connected, FastEthernet0/0
P 172.16.2.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46226176
via Connected, Serial0/0.201
P 172.16.1.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46738176
via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/46226176), Serial0/0.201
P 172.16.3.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 46738176
via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/46226176), Serial0/0.201
P 0.0.0.0/0, 1 successors, FD is 46738176
via 172.16.2.1 (46738176/2169856), Serial0/0.201
P 192.168.20.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 46740736
via 172.16.2.1 (46740736/46228736), Serial0/0.201
P 192.168.40.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 46740736
via 172.16.2.1 (46740736/46228736), Serial0/0.201
R_Caxias#show ip eigrp traffic
IP-EIGRP Traffic Statistics for process 10
Hellos sent/received: 882/873
Updates sent/received: 6/4
Queries sent/received: 0/0
Replies sent/received: 0/0
Acks sent/received: 1/4
Input queue high water mark 1, 0 drops
SIA-Queries sent/received: 0/0
SIA-Replies sent/received: 0/0
R_Caxias#show frame-relay lmi
LMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO
Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0
Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0
Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0
Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0
Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0
Num Status Enq. Sent 549 Num Status msgs Rcvd 549
Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 16
LMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0.201 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO
Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0
Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0
Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0
Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0
Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0
Num Status Enq. Sent 0 Num Status msgs Rcvd 0
Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 16
R_Matriz#show frame-relay map
Serial0/0.100 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 100, broadcast, status defined, active
Serial0/0.200 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 200, broadcast, status defined, active
Serial0/0.300 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 300, broadcast, status defined, active
input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228
out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155
input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228
out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155
input pkts 14055 output pkts 32795 in bytes 1096228
out bytes 6216155 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 32795 out bcast bytes 6216155
R_Matriz#show frame-relay pvc ?
<16-1022> DLCI
interface show frame relay information on one interface
R_Matriz#show cdp
Global CDP information:
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled R_Matriz#show cdp ?
entry Information for specific neighbor entry
interface CDP interface status and configuration
neighbors CDP neighbor entries
R_Matriz#show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
R_Embratel Ser 0/1 180 R C2600 Ser 0/0
R_Matriz#show cdp neighbors detail || show cdp entry *
Device ID: R_Embratel
Entry address(es):
IP address : 201.0.0.1
Platform: cisco C2600, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial0/1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0/0
Holdtime: 180
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IM), Version 12.2(28), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc5)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Wed 27-Apr-04 19:01 by miwang
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: full
References:
– Filippeti, M. – “CCNA 4.1 – Complete Study Guide, Visual Books/2008.
– Cisco NetAcademy, Academy Connection. “Cisco Study Material official.” <http://cisco.netacad.net>. Acesso em: 27/02/2008.
É com muito orgulho que anuncio um HD Virtual para o blog para todo tipo de material que não possa ser colocado diretamente a disposição para download diretamente no blog.
É com imenso prazer que estou publicando este laboratório completo, desenvolvido a contento incluindo os arquivos txt de configuração de cada um dos routers e switch Frame-Relay e o arquivo do Packet Tracer.
Prosseguindo.
Este laboratório é composto de uma matriz que provê internet para as outras filiais conectadas cada uma por um link ponto-a-ponto a esta, como apresentado na figura abaixo:
Criação de nuvem Frame-Relay possibilitando um circuito virtual na camada de enlace.
Utiliza o protocolo EIGRP com redistribuição da rota default possibilitando uma comunicação completa de toda a malha.
Utiliza NAT com Overload (PAT) possibilitando o acesso a ‘Internet’.
Os seguintes artefatos poderiam ter sido implementados a mais para ilustrar um cenário mais real e organizacional:
Serviço DHCP na Matriz para prover aos hosts (PCs) IPs alocados dinâmicamente.
Serviço DNS na Matriz provendo tradução dos nomes.
Itens a desfrutar neste laboratório:
Como o Frame-relay encapsula os quadros (frames) e entender o papel da nuvem e os diversos componentes.
Verificar a aprendizagem de rotas do EIGRP através dos diversos comandos show disponíveis.
Verificar as adjacências utilizando o protocolo CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol).
Verificar as configurações para cada um dos equipamentos (Switch Frame-Relay, Roteador na Matriz e Filiais).
Absorver os conceitos passados neste laboratório.
E não esqueça, a criatividade é o limite. Modifique, pergunte e deixe-me saber o que achou deste laboratório.
Pessoal, acredito que é isso. Espero que aproveitem o laboratório, pois eu estou.
Como meu objetivo é de obter o CCNA, este laboratório engloba diversos conceitos interessantes num case aproximado do mundo real.
Um abração,
Maurício.Hello Guys,
It is with great pleasure that I am posting this complete lab, developed to the satisfaction txt files including the configuration of each router and switch, Frame Relay and Packet Tracer file.
Continuing.
This laboratory consists of a matrix that provides internet to the other branches each connected by a link point-to-point to this, as in figure below:
Hoje, descobri um ótimo website para treinar o raciocínio rápido à respeito das VLSMs (Variable-lenght subnet masks). Ele apresenta diversas questões sobre endereçamento IP e máscaravas variadas, você pensa a resposta e clica para mostrar a resolução.
Hoje, estarei pesquisando algum LAB referente às novas cobranças do Spanning-Tree. Como é cobrado os diferentes tipos de comutação, mãos a obra! Também, tentarei incluir algo de EtherChannel.
Olá Pessoal,
Fiz um laboratório de switching um tanto básico, mas bem interessante para identificar a diferença entre links de acesso (switchport mode access) entre VLANs e ‘entroncamentos’ ou trunking (switchport mode trunk). Abaixo, segue a topologia inicial baseada nos switchesCisco Catalyst 2950.
Este Lab mostra a diferença entre utilizar 3 links de acesso para passar dados de 3 VLANS entre diferentes switches e utilizar apenas uma porta trunk para isso. O Lab poderia ser mais elaborado para depois se colocar EtherChannels e compartilhar a banda destes 3 links, mas o que possui já é interessante.
Este Lab foi extraído de um ‘pacotão’ com diversos laboratórios: Link
Segue o link para a atividade descrita contendo as resoluções escritas e do Packettracer: VLAN Trunking Lab
Maurício.Hello Guys,
I made a laboratory of switching a bit basic, but very interesting to identify the difference between links of access (switchport mode access) between VLANs and ‘junctions’ or trunking (switchport mode trunk). Below, follows the initial topology based switchesCisco Catalyst 2950.
Initial topology of the Laboratory Trunking
This lab shows the difference between using 3 links for access to move data between different VLANs, 3 switches and use only atrunk port for that. The Lab could be more prepared to put EtherChannels and then share the bandwidth of these 3 links, but what has is interesting.
This Lab was extracted from a ‘package’ with different laboratories: Link
Follow the link to the activity described containing the resolutions and the written Packettracer: VLAN Trunking Lab
Olá Pessoal,
Segue um resumo feito por mim a respeito de Redes sem-fio (Wireless Networks) com o objetivo da Certificação.
Redes sem-fio
Básico
Como o padrão Ethernet (802.3) o Wireless (802.11) opera na camada 2 do modelo OSI.
Utilizam o algoritmo CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Colision Avoidance). Ou seja, ao contrário do modelo Ethernet que utiliza o CSMA/CD (Detection) o algoritmo das Wireless LANs tenta evitar a colisão de dados trabalhando preferencialmente em Half-duplex.
Tecnologias sem-fio
Infravermelho, banda estreita, banda larga, satélite, WIMAX.
No escopo do CCNA serão abordadas as Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs, as redes Wi-fi (Wireless Fidelity). Abaixo são apresentados os padrões que existem hoje e suas características.
Modos de Operação
Ad-hoc: dispositivo envia mensagens diretamente para o destinatário sem intermédio de um AP (Access-point).
Infraestrutura: dispositivo necessita do intermédio do AP para o destinatário receber a mensagem. Este modo suporta ainda dois: BSS (Basic Service Set) e ESS (Extended Service Set).
BSS: Utiliza apenas um ponto de acesso.
ESS: Utiliza dois ou mais pontos de acesso permitindo o roaming dinâmico entre a interseção das células de rádio (ex. rede celular). O ideal é de as células possuir um overlap (sobreposição) de 10 a 15%.
Transmissão sem-fio
Órgãos de cada país regulam as freqüências disponíveis para uso. Algumas são liberadas de licença, mas outras não. Abaixo são apresentadas as freqüências relevantes liberadas, nome e exemplos de dispositivos, respectivamente.
Interferência
Para se medir a interferência é utilizado a medida SNR (Signal-to-Noise ratio).
No escopo do CCNA, os seguintes artefatos causam interferência de sinal:
Ondas de rádio na mesma freqüência.
Barreiras físicas, especialmente se possuir uma grande quantidade de metal que absorve parte do sinal.
Cobertura e Velocidade
A área de cobertura de um determinado AP, no escopo CCNA, depende de fatores como:
Potência do sinal;
Freqüência utilizada;
Interferência;
Proximidade a determinados materiais (ex: metal).
A força do sinal é proporcional a velocidade de transmissão de dados, ou seja, quanto mais forte (ex: mais próximo do AP) maior velocidade de transmissão. Para se aumentar a área de cobertura pode-se: utilizar antenas especiais, aumentar o número de antenas, aumentar o ganho na antena e aumentar a potência de transmissão.Olá Pessoal,
Segue um resumo feito por mim a respeito de Redes sem-fio (Wireless Networks) com o objetivo da Certificação.
Redes sem-fio
Básico
Como o padrão Ethernet (802.3) o Wireless (802.11) opera na camada 2 do modelo OSI.
Utilizam o algoritmo CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Colision Avoidance). Ou seja, ao contrário do modelo Ethernet que utiliza o CSMA/CD (Detection) o algoritmo das Wireless LANs tenta evitar a colisão de dados trabalhando preferencialmente em Half-duplex.
Tecnologias sem-fio
Infravermelho, banda estreita, banda larga, satélite, WIMAX.
No escopo do CCNA serão abordadas as Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs, as redes Wi-fi (Wireless Fidelity). Abaixo são apresentados os padrões que existem hoje e suas características.
Modos de Operação
Ad-hoc: dispositivo envia mensagens diretamente para o destinatário sem intermédio de um AP (Access-point).
Infraestrutura: dispositivo necessita do intermédio do AP para o destinatário receber a mensagem. Este modo suporta ainda dois: BSS (Basic Service Set) e ESS (Extended Service Set).
BSS: Utiliza apenas um ponto de acesso.
ESS: Utiliza dois ou mais pontos de acesso permitindo o roaming dinâmico entre a interseção das células de rádio (ex. rede celular). O ideal é de as células possuir um overlap (sobreposição) de 10 a 15%.
Transmissão sem-fio
Órgãos de cada país regulam as freqüências disponíveis para uso. Algumas são liberadas de licença, mas outras não. Abaixo são apresentadas as freqüências relevantes liberadas, nome e exemplos de dispositivos, respectivamente.
Interferência
Para se medir a interferência é utilizado a medida SNR (Signal-to-Noise ratio).
No escopo do CCNA, os seguintes artefatos causam interferência de sinal:
Ondas de rádio na mesma freqüência.
Barreiras físicas, especialmente se possuir uma grande quantidade de metal que absorve parte do sinal.
Cobertura e Velocidade
A área de cobertura de um determinado AP, no escopo CCNA, depende de fatores como:
Potência do sinal;
Freqüência utilizada;
Interferência;
Proximidade a determinados materiais (ex: metal).
A força do sinal é proporcional a velocidade de transmissão de dados, ou seja, quanto mais forte (ex: mais próximo do AP) maior velocidade de transmissão. Para se aumentar a área de cobertura pode-se: utilizar antenas especiais, aumentar o número de antenas, aumentar o ganho na antena e aumentar a potência de transmissão.
Procurando na Internet encontrei uma ótima referência de um pacote que contêm:
Dynamips
Dynagen
GNS3
Tudo isso embutido numa distribuição Linux (Slax) Live-CD. Pode-se rodar direto do Pendrive ou emular via VMware, pois são apenas 254MB.
Vale ressaltar que para o CCNA talvez esta não seja a melhor ferramenta. Eu indico o PacketTracer para quem tem acesso ao NetAcad, mas mesmo assim esta ferramenta é ótima pois engloba uma solução completa.
Surfing on the web, I found a great packet that puts each of these tools together:
Dynamips
Dynagen
GNS3
All of that, in a Slax (Slax) Live-CD. It can be run directly from Pendrive via VMware or emulate, because they are only 254MB.
Please note that the CCNA is not perhaps the best tool. I PacketTracer the guide for those who have access to NetAcad, but even so this tool is great because it covers a complete solution.
(…)This exam tests a candidate’s knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The topics include connecting to a WAN; implementing network security; network types; network media; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; extending switched networks with VLANs; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; establishing point-to-point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections.
Exam Topics:
The following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the Cisco Certified Network Associate exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. In order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes, the guidelines below may change at any time without notice.
Describe how a network works
Describe the purpose and functions of various network devices
Select the components required to meet a network specification
Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols to explain how data flows in a network
Describe common networked applications including web applications
Describe the purpose and basic operation of the protocols in the OSI and TCP models
Describe the impact of applications (Voice Over IP and Video Over IP) on a network
Interpret network diagrams
Determine the path between two hosts across a network
Describe the components required for network and Internet communications
Identify and correct common network problems at layers 1, 2, 3 and 7 using a layered model approach
Differentiate between LAN/WAN operation and features
Configure, verify and troubleshoot a switch with VLANs and interswitch communications
Select the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors to connect switches to other network devices and hosts
Explain the technology and media access control method for Ethernet networks
Explain network segmentation and basic traffic management concepts
Explain basic switching concepts and the operation of Cisco switches
Perform and verify initial switch configuration tasks including remote access management
Verify network status and switch operation using basic utilities (including: ping, traceroute, telnet, SSH, arp, ipconfig), SHOW & DEBUG commands
Identify, prescribe, and resolve common switched network media issues, configuration issues, auto negotiation, and switch hardware failures