Archive for the “Resumos” Category
Diversos resumos criados referente aos exames.
Sorry, this entry is only available in Portugues.
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Sorry, this entry is only available in Portugues.
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Sorry, this entry is only available in Portugues.
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Hello Guys,
The BCMSN is a complicated test to practice, because the part of the simulator always lacks something.
In my environmental studies, found that when using the Boson Netsim the Packet Tracer and I Dynamips support for almost everything. My next post will be about what each of these tools supports.
In this post I will make an overview of the functioning of the protocols and focarei a diagram showing the main points of each.
Per hour, we talk about high availability. In routers and switches from Cisco L3 are available: HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) and GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol). Below, will be a short description of how these protocols work.
The first two (HSRP and VRRP) act in ways similar. In both, each router receives an IP that is not the gateway. The routers are configured to talk to some of these protocols exchange hello messages to find out who will be elected the primary, based on higher priority (higher IP used as a tie if the priority is the same). The primary answer for your router IP and the IP set to gateway. Thus, if the router fails, when the secondary router is not given time to communicate (because the dead time) it will assume the role of primary and send its MAC address (the ARP protocol) to take notice of the IP gateway.
The GLBP was developed to support load balancing. The routers have two roles:
- A router is elected the AVG (active virtual gateway), this answer all ARP requests at the gateway. A ‘catch’ is that it responds with the MAC-address of each of the other routers, based on the algorithm of load balancing. Algorta are the Round-robin (default), weighted, and host-dependent.
- Maximum 4 routers (including AVG) AVFs are (active virtual forwarder) and participate in the process of transferring data.
Below is presented a diagram showing the main points of each of these protocols.
The book utilized in this summary was the CCNP BCMSN Official Exam Certification Guide, por David Hucaby.
A big hug,
Maurício Bento Ghem.
2 Comments »
Hello Guys,
Throughout the week, looking to expand the horizons of the blog, I discovered a tool to achieve semi-automatic translation of the blog into English.
I thought this initiative a good time, but never had time to implement it due to my dedication to the Full-time studies.
Now, the blog also has an English title.
Cisco CCNA || Study Guide
A big hug,
Maurício.
5 Comments »
Hello Guys,
When I was studying Multicast for BSCI I came across some questions that ask for certain multicast addresses associated with their applications. Here is a summary table of the relevant addresses I know I have over my studies, combined with some demand issues in the study.
| 224.0.0.1 |
All Systems on this Subnet |
| 224.0.0.2 |
All Routers on this Subnet |
| 224.0.0.5 |
All OSPF Routers |
| 224.0.0.6 |
OSPF Designated Routers |
| 224.0.0.9 |
RIP2 Routers |
| 224.0.0.10 |
IGRP / EIGRP Routers |
| 224.0.0.13 |
All PIM Routers |
| 224.0.0.22 |
IGMP |
| 224.0.1.1 |
NTP Network Time Protocol |
| 224.0.1.39 |
cisco-rp-announce (PIM-SM) |
| 224.0.1.40 |
cisco-rp-discovery (PIM-SM) |
Reference:
- IANA, IPv4 Multicast Addresses <http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses/>. 23/maio/2009 in Access.
A big hug and success to all.
Maurício Bento Ghem
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Hello Guys,
I did this summary on the most important of IPv6 to be didactic, comprehensive and objective. The level of coverage of this summary would be midway between BSCI and CCNA certifications. Below.
IPv6
- We added several features compared to IPv4, such as 128 bits for addressing (IPv4 only 32), security (through extension headers), techniques to transition from IPv4 to IPv6, QOS embebbed (direct the header), Autoconfiguration ( allows a host to obtain an IP address without having to run DHCP on the network) and IP mobility.
- The IPv6 address has 128 bits and is divided into 8 ’sextet’, each with 16 bits.
- The Header (including the source and destination IP) has 320 bits, without the extensions - below.
- IPv6 does not have the checksum field (and not the place), considering that the control of errors of lower layers is reliable.
- IPv6 USA not broadcast, but multicasting. A broadcast can be simulated by sending a multicast address to the All-nodes, link-local scope (FF02:: 1).
- Loopback Address -:: 1 / 128 (IPv4 = 127.0.0.1). Address default-route -: 0 / 0 (IPv4 = 0.0.0.0 / 0).
- EUI-64: format derived from the MAC-address used to assign addresses Link-Local. You get the MAC address (48 bits), the hexadecimal number FFFE inserted in the middle of it and changed the first 2 bits (from 00 to 20), so the MAC 00eb.1234.3322 in EUI-64 format would be: 02eb: 12ff: fe34: 3322. Finally, adding the prefix for link-local addresses would: FE80:: 02eb: 12ff: fe34: 3322.
- Types of IPv6 addresses:
- Global Unicast: Identifies a single host on the Internet. Prefixes will be assigned to each organization (48 bits or less), as seen in the picture. The IANA defines the prefix for these prefixes like 2000:: / 3.
- Link-Local: Each interface receives one of these addresses. It is used for the devices on the same network to communicate without having to use the Global Unicast address. Use the prefix FE80:: / 10 + the EUI-64 format.
- Site-local. Single address within the scope of the organization, not routable on the Internet. Prefix: FEC0:: / 10.
- Multicast: Identified by prefix FF00:: / 8. The next 4 bits are flags, and the other 4 next define the scope of Multicast (shown below). Beside, a diagram of the range of scopes.
- 1 = Interface-local.
- 2 = link-local.
- 5 = site-local.
- 8 = Organization-local.
- E = Global.
- Anycast: A Global Unicast address assigned to more than one device, set it as anycast. Has as its route to the nearest anycast device. See below.
- IPv6 Hosts must meet at least the following addresses:
- Global Unicast and Anycast (2000:: / 3)
- Link-local (FE80:: / 10, by Autoconfiguration
- Loopback (:: 1 / 128)
- Multicast all-nodes (FF01:: 1 and FF02:: 1)
- Another group multicast assigned.
- Routers, and this answer should also respond in address:
- Anycast address of the subnet (the subnet address with the Interface ID - Host address - set to 0)
- All-Multicast routers (FF01:: 2, FF02:: 2, FF05:: 2)
- Groups defined by multicast routing protocols (if applicable). EIGRP for IPv6: FF02:: 10, OSPFv3: FF02:: 5 (all routers) and FF02:: 6 (only DR and BDR).
- The main forms of transition from IPv4 to IPv6 can be made through the Dual Stack (running both IPv4 and IPv6 to no longer have need for IPv4) and tunneling (encapsulate the IPv6 packet within an IPv4 packet - figure). For the tunneling is expected the prefix 2002:: / 16.
References:
- CCNP BSCI Official Exam Certification Guide 4th edition, por Brent Stewart. CiscoPress
- CCNA 4.1 Guia Completo de Estudo, por Marco Filippetti. Visual Books
- CertProject, imagem do header IPv6.
- Cisco IOS IPv6 Multicast Introduction - Very good.
- RFC 3513 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing.
I would pay special support to all who will make sure during the month of June.
A big hug,
Maurício Bento Ghem.
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Hello everybody,
In the final stage of preparation for BSCI did a more succinct summary of the routing protocols that are part of the scope of this evidence. This summary aims to differentiate various details that are charged in BSCI, such as standard metric when a route is redistributed, terminology and much more. The routing protocols charged in the examination are:
- EIGRP
- OSPF multiarea
- Integrated IS-IS
- BGP in a non-transit AS.
It created a table in Excel which was converted to a figure. This appears a little lower down. Click the picture to download it in full.
Cheers,
Maurício.
4 Comments »
Hello Guys,
Continuing the series of commands Show, presenting them to the IS-IS protocol.
This protocol is quite different from most because it is based on the OSI address. At first sight appears to be complicated, but understanding the theory behind the protocol is all uncomplicated.
Below.
| COMMAND |
A RELATED |
RESULT |
| show clns |
IS-IS - General |
Displays summary, include: number of interfaces that are running, NET timers and address. |
| show clns neighbors |
IS-IS - Neighbors |
Overview of neighbors. Include: remote router ID, interface, SNPA (link-layer address), status, and type of adjacency holdtime (Level-1, Level-2). |
| show clns neighbors detail |
IS-IS - Neighbors |
Presents details of the neighbors. Besides the above information still shows: IP address, uptime and area (from the NET). |
| show clns route |
IS-IS - Routes |
Displays all NSAP (Network Service Access Point) you can route data. |
| show isis topology [..] |
IS-IS - Routes |
Displays a list of paths to all routers within the area of routing. You can pass parameters to filter (only Level-1, for example.) |
| show isis database [..] |
IS-IS - LSPs |
Displays each of the LSPs in the database. Contain information such as router that generated the LSP (LSPID), sequence numbers, checksum, holdtime and bits for control. You can pass parameters to filter (only Level-1, for example.) |
| show isis spf-log |
IS-IS - SPF |
Presents relevant information to the application of SPF algorithm. If there are many executions of suspected problems with configuration. |
OUTPUTS:
R4#show clns
Global CLNS Information:
3 Interfaces Enabled for CLNS
NET: 49.0020.0000.0000.000b.00
Configuration Timer: 60, Default Holding Timer: 300, Packet Lifetime 64
ERPDU’s requested on locally generated packets
Running IS-IS in IP-only mode (CLNS forwarding not allowed)
R4#show clns neighbors
System Id Interface SNPA State Holdtime Type Protocol
R3 Se1/0 *HDLC* Up 28 L2 IS-IS
R5 Se1/1 *HDLC* Up 25 L2 IS-IS
R4#show clns neighbors detail
System Id Interface SNPA State Holdtime Type Protocol
R3 Se1/0 *HDLC* Up 25 L2 IS-IS
Area Address(es): 49.0020
IP Address(es): 10.100.0.1*
Uptime: 00:42:23
NSF capable
R5 Se1/1 *HDLC* Up 23 L2 IS-IS
Area Address(es): 49.0030
IP Address(es): 10.100.0.6*
Uptime: 00:42:23
NSF capable
R4#show clns route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, d - DecnetIV
I - ISO-IGRP, i - IS-IS, e - ES-IS
B - BGP, b - eBGP-neighbor
C 49.0020.0000.0000.000b.00 [1/0], Local IS-IS NET
C 49.0020 [2/0], Local IS-IS Area
R3#show isis topology ?
WORD Hostname or NSAP of a router
l1 Paths to all level-1 routers in the area
l2 Paths to all level-2 routers in the domain
level-1 Paths to all level-1 routers in the area
level-2 Paths to all level-2 routers in the domain
| Output modifiers
R3#show isis topology
IS-IS paths to level-1 routers
System Id Metric Next-Hop Interface SNPA
R3 --
IS-IS paths to level-2 routers
System Id Metric Next-Hop Interface SNPA
R3 –
R4 5 R4 SE2 / 0 * HDLC *
R5 15 R4 SE2 / 0 * HDLC *
R3#show isis database ?
WORD LSPID in the form of xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xx-xx or name.xx-xx
detail Detailed link state database information
l1 IS-IS Level-1 routing link state database
l2 IS-IS Level-2 routing link state database
level-1 IS-IS Level-1 routing link state database
level-2 IS-IS Level-2 routing link state database
verbose Verbose database information
| Output modifiers
R3#show isis database
IS-IS Level-1 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000005 0xB7E2 1057 1/0/0
IS-IS Level-2 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000006 0x4207 1005 0/0/0
R4.00-00 0x00000005 0x9CAF 942 0/0/0
R5.00-00 0x00000005 0x63ED 795 0/0/0 1/0/0 IS-IS Level-1 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000005 0xB7E2 1057 1/0/0
IS-IS Level-2 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000006 0x4207 1005 0/0/0
R4.00-00 0x00000005 0x9CAF 942 0/0/0
R5.00-00 0x00000005 0x63ED 795 0/0/0 0/0/0 IS-IS Level-1 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000005 0xB7E2 1057 1/0/0
IS-IS Level-2 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000006 0x4207 1005 0/0/0
R4.00-00 0x00000005 0x9CAF 942 0/0/0
R5.00-00 0x00000005 0x63ED 795 0/0/0 0/0/0 IS-IS Level-1 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000005 0xB7E2 1057 1/0/0
IS-IS Level-2 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000006 0x4207 1005 0/0/0
R4.00-00 0x00000005 0x9CAF 942 0/0/0
R5.00-00 0x00000005 0x63ED 795 0/0/0 0/0/0 IS-IS Level-1 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000005 0xB7E2 1057 1/0/0
IS-IS Level-2 Link State Database:
LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
R3.00-00 * 0x00000006 0x4207 1005 0/0/0
R4.00-00 0x00000005 0x9CAF 942 0/0/0
R5.00-00 0x00000005 0x63ED 795 0/0/0
R3#show isis spf-log
level 1 SPF log
When Duration Nodes Count First trigger LSP Triggers
00:43:43 0 1 4 R3.00-00 PERIODIC RTCLEARED NEWMETRI
C NEWLSP
00:43:27 0 1 2 R3.00-00 ATTACHFLAG LSPHEADER
00:28:52 0 1 1 PERIODIC
00:13:52 0 1 1 PERIODIC
level 2 SPF log
When Duration Nodes Count First trigger LSP Triggers
00:43:44 0 1 4 R3.00-00 PERIODIC RTCLEARED NEWMETRI
C NEWLSP
00:43:34 8 3 4 R3.00-00 NEWADJ LSPHEADER TLVCONTENT
00:28:54 4 3 1 PERIODIC
00:13:53 4 3 1 PERIODIC
A Abrasive,
Maurício Bento Ghem.
2 Comments »
Hello Guys,
More a summary of the series of commands show, now for the OSPF protocol with focus on the proof BSCI.
This summary was based on previously published lab: Laboratory OSPF and IS-IS with bidirectional Redistribution.
Below is a summary of each command. Each contains a link to its full output.
| COMMAND |
A RELATED |
RESULT |
| Show ip ospf [process-id] |
OSPF - General |
Displays details of configuring OSPF. Displays information such as: Router ID, timers, last performance of the SPF algorithm and statistics. |
| show ip ospf database [..] |
OSPF - LSAS |
Displays information of each type of LSA. Passing the parameter type is presented more detailed information on each. |
| show ip ospf border-routers |
OSPF - ABR / ASBR |
Shows the ABR and ASBR. Details as RouterID, interface connected and appear in this area command. |
| show ip ospf neighbor [detail] |
OSPF - Neighbors |
Presents a summary and status of the adjacency with its neighbors. This command displays information such as neighbor router ID, state (DR, BDR ..), dead time (time until the route goes out, or receives a new hello),IP address of the neighbor and the local router interface which is this neighbor. |
| show ip ospf interface brief |
OSPF - Summary |
Presents a summary of OSPF on each interface on which it is running.Shows: interface, process ID, area, and IP mask, cost, status (DR / BDR …). |
| show ip ospf virtual-links |
OSPF - Virtual-Links |
Displays (if applicable) the virtual-links and statistics. Information contained: Timers, Router ID, Area transit, state of the adjacency. |
| show ip route |
OSPF - Routes |
To illustrate that the router is redistributing the routes, is shown the command show ip route shows that both routes of Protocol OSPF and IS-IS (and the default route learned by the IS-IS). |
Outputs
R3#show ip ospf ?
<1-65535> Process ID number
border-routers Border and Boundary Router Information
database Database summary
flood-list Link state flood list
interface Interface information
mpls MPLS related information
neighbor Neighbor list
request-list Link state request list
retransmission-list Link state retransmission list
sham-links Sham link information
summary-address Summary-address redistribution Information
virtual-links Virtual link information
| Output modifiers
R3#show ip ospf 1
Routing Process “ospf 1? with ID 10.100.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
It is an autonomous system boundary router
Redistributing External Routes from,
isis with metric mapped to 120, includes subnets in redistribution
Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs
Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
LSA group pacing timer 240 secs
Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs
Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0×000000
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0×000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 0 normal 0 stub 1 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area 3
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
It is a NSSA area
generates NSSA default route with cost 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:36:04.468 ago
SPF algorithm executed 4 times
Area ranges are
10.3.0.0/16 Passive Advertise
Number of LSA 8. Checksum Sum 0×041817
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0×000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
R3#show ip ospf database ?
adv-router Advertising Router link states
asbr-summary ASBR summary link states
database-summary Summary of database
external External link states
network Network link states
nssa-external NSSA External link states
opaque-area Opaque Area link states
opaque-as Opaque AS link states
opaque-link Opaque Link-Local link states
router Router link states
self-originate Self-originated link states
summary Network summary link states
| Output modifiers
R3#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.100.0.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 3)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
10.100.0.1 10.100.0.1 220 0x80000003 0x00E547 1
10.255.0.0 10.255.0.0 225 0x80000003 0x00C235 1
Net Link States (Area 3)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq # Checksum
10.3.0.1 10.255.0.0 225 0×80000002 0×009D07
Summary Net Link States (Area 3)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq # Checksum
10.0.0.0 10.255.0.0 225 0×80000002 0×005AC6
10.1.0.0 10.255.0.0 225 0×80000002 0×0058C6
10.2.0.0 10.255.0.0 225 0×80000002 0×0056C6
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 3)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
0.0.0.0 10.100.0.1 220 0x80000002 0x001C2B 0
10.100.0.0 10.100.0.1 223 0x80000002 0x00AD17 0
R0#show ip ospf border-routers
OSPF Process 1 internal Routing Table
Codes: i - Intra-area route, I - Inter-area route
i 10.255.2.2 [2] via 10.0.0.2, FastEthernet0/0, ABR, Area 0, SPF 8
i 10.100.0.1 [1] via 10.3.0.2, FastEthernet1/0, ASBR, Area 3, SPF 6
i 10.255.1.1 [1] via 10.0.0.2, FastEthernet0/0, ABR, Area 0, SPF 8
R0#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
10.255.1.1 1 FULL/DR 00:00:37 10.0.0.2 FastEthernet0/0
10.100.0.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:39 10.3.0.2 FastEthernet1/0
R3#show ip ospf interface
FastEthernet1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.3.0.2/30, Area 3
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.100.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 10.255.0.0, Interface address 10.3.0.1
Backup Designated router (ID) 10.100.0.1, Interface address 10.3.0.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:05
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0×0(0)/0×0(0)
Last flood scan length is 2, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 10.255.0.0 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R0#show ip ospf interface brief
Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
Fa0/0 1 0 10.0.0.1/30 1 BDR 1/1
Fa1/0 1 3 10.3.0.1/30 1 DR 1/1 10.0.0.1/30 R0#show ip ospf interface brief
Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
Fa0/0 1 0 10.0.0.1/30 1 BDR 1/1
Fa1/0 1 3 10.3.0.1/30 1 DR 1/1 10.3.0.1/30 R0#show ip ospf interface brief
Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
Fa0/0 1 0 10.0.0.1/30 1 BDR 1/1
Fa1/0 1 3 10.3.0.1/30 1 DR 1/1
R2#show ip ospf virtual-links
Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 10.255.1.1 is up
Run as demand circuit
DoNotAge LSA allowed.
Transit area 1, via interface FastEthernet0/0, Cost of using 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:09
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
Index 1/2, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
First 0×0(0)/0×0(0) Next 0×0(0)/0×0(0)
Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 10.100.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 9 subnets, 4 masks
O IA 10.2.0.0/16 [110/4] via 10.3.0.1, 00:43:28, FastEthernet1/0
C 10.3.0.0/30 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
O IA 10.0.0.0/16 [110/2] via 10.3.0.1, 00:43:48, FastEthernet1/0
i su 10.0.0.0/14 [115/84] via 0.0.0.0, Null0
O IA 10.1.0.0/16 [110/3] via 10.3.0.1, 00:43:48, FastEthernet1/0
i L2 10.100.8.0/21 [115/15] via 10.100.0.2, Serial2/0
i L2 10.100.0.4/30 [115/15] via 10.100.0.2, Serial2/0
C 10.100.0.0/30 is directly connected, Serial2/0
O 10.100.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:43:55, Null0
i*L2 0.0.0.0/0 [115/15] via 10.100.0.2, Serial2/0
Abrasive and a personal success.
Maurício Bento Ghem.
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